Grammatical Terms

Verb: 

a word which describes actions or states of being,
e.g. "run", "laugh", "still"

Noun:

a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun).
a noun is defined by its use; a noun is any word that can be:

1. the subject of a verb
2. the object of a verb
3. the object of a preposition

adjectives and verbs may function as nouns

Pronoun:

a word which stands in place of a noun,
e.g. "he", "she", "it", "we", "you", "them", etc.

Adjective:

a word which describes/qualifies nouns,
e.g. "The little boy", "A red house"

Adverb:

a word which describes verbs. In English the adverb normally follows the verb,
e.g. "The dog ran quickly"

whereas in Latin the adverb normally precedes the verb,
e.g. "Quickly ran the dog" 

Preposition:

a word which connects other words and shows the relation between them,
e.g. "to", "for"

Prepositional phrases:

are followed by a noun

Conjunction:

a word which connects sentences,
e.g." and"

Interjection:

a word which is an exclamation

Subject:

the noun doing/taking the action,

e.g. "The boy threw the ball."

Direct Object:

the noun receiving the action of the verb,

e.g. "The boy threw the ball."

Indirect Object:

the noun which receives the direct object,

e.g. "The boy threw the ball to the girl."

Transitive Verb:

a verb which brings the action to another noun because it has a direct object,

e.g. "The boy threw the ball."

Intransitive Verb:

a verb which doesn't transfer the action to another noun because there is no direct object,

e.g. "The boy threw."

Linking Verb:

a word which acts like an equals sign (=),

e.g. "is", "are", etc.

Predicate Nominative:

a noun which renames the subject after a linking verb,

e.g. "The man is a sailor."